instruments:hatpro:hatpro
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First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterrestrial origin in the 1930s and 1940s [1]. The first operational microwave radiometer was designed by [[https:// | First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterrestrial origin in the 1930s and 1940s [1]. The first operational microwave radiometer was designed by [[https:// | ||
- | Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https:// | + | Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https:// |
- | ===== Principle of operation ===== | + | Here we could keep the graphic from the original article |
- | Solids, liquids (e.g. the earth' | + | https:// |
- | The emission and absorption | + | ===== Principle |
+ | Solids, liquids | ||
- | Larger rain drops as well as larger frozen | + | Besides the distinct absorption features of molecular transistion lines, there are also non-resonant contributions by hydrometeors (liquid drops and frozen particles). Liquid water emission increases with frequency, hence, measuring |
+ | Larger rain drops as well as larger frozen hydrometeors (snow, graupel, hail) also scatter microwave radiation especially at higher frequencies (>90 GHz). These scattering effects can be used to distinguish between rain and cloud water content exploitinh polarized measurements [5] but also to constrain the columnar amount of snow and ice particles from space [6] and from the ground [7]. | ||
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[4] Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth, Physical Foundations, | [4] Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth, Physical Foundations, | ||
- | - Cimini et al., 2009 | + | [5] Czekala et al. (2001), Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry, |
- | - Klein and Gasiewski, 2000 | + | |
- | - Eugene A. Sharkov, “Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth”, Physical Foundations, | + | [6] Bennartz, R., and P. Bauer (2003), Sensitivity of microwave radiances at 85–183 GHz to precipitating ice particles, Radio Sci., 38(4), 8075, doi: |
- | - http:// | + | |
- | - Czekala et al., Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry, | + | [7| Kneifel et al. (2010), Snow scattering signals in ground-based passive microwave radiometer measurements, |
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instruments/hatpro/hatpro.txt · Last modified: 2021/01/22 22:17 by 127.0.0.1