instruments:hatpro:hatpro
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instruments:hatpro:hatpro [2016/06/05 21:50] – susanne | instruments:hatpro:hatpro [2016/06/11 20:47] – susanne | ||
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Microwave radiometers are very sensitive receivers designed to measure thermal electromagnetic radiation emitted by material media like the atmosphere. They are usually equipped with multiple receiving channels in order to derive the characteristic emission spectrum of the atmosphere or extraterrestrial objects. Microwave radiometers are utilized in a variety of environmental and engineering applications, | Microwave radiometers are very sensitive receivers designed to measure thermal electromagnetic radiation emitted by material media like the atmosphere. They are usually equipped with multiple receiving channels in order to derive the characteristic emission spectrum of the atmosphere or extraterrestrial objects. Microwave radiometers are utilized in a variety of environmental and engineering applications, | ||
- | Using the [[https:// | + | Using the [[https:// |
For weather and climate monitoring, microwave radiometers are operated from space [1] [2] as well as from the ground [3]. As [[https:// | For weather and climate monitoring, microwave radiometers are operated from space [1] [2] as well as from the ground [3]. As [[https:// | ||
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===== History of microwave radiometer measurements ===== | ===== History of microwave radiometer measurements ===== | ||
- | First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterestrial | + | First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterrestrial |
- | Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https:// | + | Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https:// |
- | ===== Principle of operation ===== | + | Here we could keep the graphic from the original article |
- | Solids, liquids (e.g. the earth' | + | https:// |
- | The emission and absorption | + | ===== Principle |
+ | Solids, liquids | ||
- | Larger rain drops as well as larger frozen | + | Besides the distinct absorption features of molecular transistion lines, there are also non-resonant contributions by hydrometeors (liquid drops and frozen particles). Liquid water emission increases with frequency, hence, measuring |
+ | Larger rain drops as well as larger frozen hydrometeors (snow, graupel, hail) also scatter microwave radiation especially at higher frequencies (>90 GHz). These scattering effects can be used to distinguish between rain and cloud water content exploitinh polarized measurements [5] but also to constrain the columnar amount of snow and ice particles from space [6] and from the ground [7]. | ||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
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===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
- | 1 Microwave Remote Sensing—Active and Passive”. By F. T. Ulaby. R. K. Moore and A. K. Fung. (Reading, Massachusetts: | + | [1] Microwave Remote Sensing—Active and Passive”. By F. T. Ulaby. R. K. Moore and A. K. Fung. (Reading, Massachusetts: |
- | 2 Thermal Microwave Radiation: Applications for Remote Sensing, C. Matzler, 2006, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, Chapter 1. | + | [2] Thermal Microwave Radiation: Applications for Remote Sensing, C. Matzler, 2006, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, Chapter 1. |
- | 3 http:// | + | [3] http:// |
+ | [4] Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth, Physical Foundations, | ||
+ | |||
+ | [5] Czekala et al. (2001), Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry, Geophy. Res. Lett., DOI: 10.1029/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | [6] Bennartz, R., and P. Bauer (2003), Sensitivity of microwave radiances at 85–183 GHz to precipitating ice particles, Radio Sci., 38(4), 8075, doi: | ||
+ | |||
+ | [7| Kneifel et al. (2010), Snow scattering signals in ground-based passive microwave radiometer measurements, | ||
+ | |||
- | - Eugene A. Sharkov, “Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth”, Physical Foundations, | ||
- | - Cimini et al., 2009 | ||
- | - Klein and Gasiewski, 2000 | ||
- | - Eugene A. Sharkov, “Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth”, Physical Foundations, | ||
- | - http:// | ||
- | - Czekala et al., Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry, GRL, 2001, DOI: 10.1029/ | ||
- | - Bennartz, R., and P. Bauer (2003), Sensitivity of microwave radiances at 85–183 GHz to precipitating ice particles, Radio Sci., 38(4), 8075, doi: | ||
- | - Kneifel et al., Snow scattering signals in ground-based passive microwave radiometer measurements, | ||
instruments/hatpro/hatpro.txt · Last modified: 2021/01/22 22:17 by 127.0.0.1