instruments:hatpro:hatpro
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision | Next revisionBoth sides next revision | ||
instruments:hatpro:hatpro [2016/06/11 21:30] – susanne | instruments:hatpro:hatpro [2016/06/11 21:58] – susanne | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterrestrial origin in the 1930s and 1940s [1]. The first operational microwave radiometer was designed by [[https:// | First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterrestrial origin in the 1930s and 1940s [1]. The first operational microwave radiometer was designed by [[https:// | ||
- | Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https:// | + | Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https:// |
+ | |||
+ | Ground-Based radiometer for the determination of temperature profiles were first explores | ||
Here we could keep the graphic from the original article | Here we could keep the graphic from the original article | ||
Line 29: | Line 31: | ||
Besides the distinct absorption features of molecular transistion lines, there are also non-resonant contributions by hydrometeors (liquid drops and frozen particles). Liquid water emission increases with frequency, hence, measuring at two frequencies, | Besides the distinct absorption features of molecular transistion lines, there are also non-resonant contributions by hydrometeors (liquid drops and frozen particles). Liquid water emission increases with frequency, hence, measuring at two frequencies, | ||
- | Larger rain drops as well as larger frozen hydrometeors (snow, graupel, hail) also scatter microwave radiation especially at higher frequencies (>90 GHz). These scattering effects can be used to distinguish between rain and cloud water content exploitinh polarized measurements [5] but also to constrain the columnar amount of snow and ice particles from space [6] and from the ground [7]. | + | Larger rain drops as well as larger frozen hydrometeors (snow, graupel, hail) also scatter microwave radiation especially at higher frequencies (>90 GHz). These scattering effects can be used to distinguish between rain and cloud water content exploitinh polarized measurements [9] but also to constrain the columnar amount of snow and ice particles from space [10] and from the ground [11]. |
{{: | {{: | ||
Line 73: | Line 75: | ||
[2] Thermal Microwave Radiation: Applications for Remote Sensing, C. Matzler, 2006, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, Chapter 1. | [2] Thermal Microwave Radiation: Applications for Remote Sensing, C. Matzler, 2006, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, Chapter 1. | ||
- | [3] http://cetemps.aquila.infn.it/ | + | [3] Westwater, Edgeworth Rupert, 1970: Ground-Based Determination of Temperature Profiles by Microwaves. PH.D. Thesis, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER, Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, |
- | + | ||
[4] Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth, Physical Foundations, | [4] Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth, Physical Foundations, | ||
- | [5] Czekala et al. (2001), Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry, Geophy. Res. Lett., DOI: 10.1029/ | + | [5] http:// |
+ | |||
+ | [6] Westwater, E.R., C. Mätzler, S. Crewell (2004) A review of surface-based microwave and millimeter-wave radiometric remote sensing of the troposphere. Radio Science Bulletin, No. 3010, September 2004, 59-80, | ||
+ | |||
+ | [7] Westwater, E. R., S. Crewell, C. Mätzler, and D. Cimini, 2006: Principles of Surface-based Microwave and Millimeter wave Radiometric Remote Sensing of the Troposphere, | ||
+ | |||
+ | [8] Final report of the COST action EG-Climet, http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | [9] Czekala et al. (2001), Discrimination of cloud and rain liquid water path by groundbased polarized microwave radiometry, Geophy. Res. Lett., DOI: 10.1029/ | ||
- | [6] Bennartz, R., and P. Bauer (2003), Sensitivity of microwave radiances at 85–183 GHz to precipitating ice particles, Radio Sci., 38(4), 8075, doi: | + | [10] Bennartz, R., and P. Bauer (2003), Sensitivity of microwave radiances at 85–183 GHz to precipitating ice particles, Radio Sci., 38(4), 8075, doi: |
- | [7| Kneifel et al. (2010), Snow scattering signals in ground-based passive microwave radiometer measurements, | + | [11] Kneifel et al. (2010), Snow scattering signals in ground-based passive microwave radiometer measurements, |
instruments/hatpro/hatpro.txt · Last modified: 2021/01/22 22:17 by 127.0.0.1