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--- instruments:hatpro:hatpro [2016/06/05 21:58] – susanne
+++ instruments:hatpro:hatpro [2016/06/11 20:30] – susanne
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 First developments of microwave radiometer were dedicated to the measurement of radiation of extraterrestrial origin in the 1930s and 1940s [1]. The first operational microwave radiometer was designed by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke|Robert H. Dicke]] in the Radiation Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of Technology to better determine the temperature of the microwave background radiation. This first radiometer worked at a wavelength 1.25 cm and was operated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dicke also first discovered weak atmospheric absorption in the MW using three different radiometers (at wavelengths of 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 cm).
-Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2|Mariner-2 mission]] was launched by NASA in order to investigate the surface of Venus including a MW radiometer for water vapor and temperature observations. In following years a wide variety of MW radiometers were tested on satellites. The launch of the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_multichannel_microwave_radiometer|Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer]] (SMMR) in 1978 became an important milestone in the history of radiometry. It was the first time a conically scanning radiometer was used in space; it was brought in space on board of the NASA [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_program|Nimbus satellite]] [4]. The launch of this mission gave the opportunity to image the Earth at a constant angle of incidence that is important as surface emissivity is angular dependent. In the beginning of 1980, new multi-frequency, dual-polarization radiometric instruments were developed. Two spacecraft were launched which carried instruments of this type: Nimbus-7 and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasat|Seasat]]. The Nimbus-7 mission results allowed to globally monitor the state of ocean surface as well as surface covered by snow and glaciers. Today, radiometers are widely used not only onboard different satellites but also as ground-based instruments integrated in worldwide observational networks.
+Soon after satellites were first used for observing the atmosphere, MW radiometers became part of their instrumentation. In 1962 the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2|Mariner-2 mission]] was launched by NASA in order to investigate the surface of Venus including a MW radiometer for water vapor and temperature observations. In following years a wide variety of MW radiometers were tested on satellites. The launch of the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_multichannel_microwave_radiometer|Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer]] (SMMR) in 1978 became an important milestone in the history of radiometry. It was the first time a conically scanning radiometer was used in space; it was brought in space on board of the NASA [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_program|Nimbus satellite]] [4]. The launch of this mission gave the opportunity to image the Earth at a constant angle of incidence that is important as surface emissivity is angular dependent. In the beginning of 1980, new multi-frequency, dual-polarization radiometric instruments were developed. Two spacecraft were launched which carried instruments of this type: Nimbus-7 and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasat|Seasat]]. The Nimbus-7 mission results allowed to globally monitor the state of ocean surface as well as surface covered by snow and glaciers. Today, microwave instruments like the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Microwave_Sounding_Unit|AMSU]], Special Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSMIS|SSMIS]] are widely used not only onboard different satellites but also as ground-based instruments integrated in worldwide observational networks.
+Here we could keep the graphic from the original article
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_radiometer#/media/File:Radiometer_227629main_ostm-AMR-RSA.jpg
 =====  Principle of operation =====